Vital Network Support Command

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Tracert / traceroute

Tracert: Determines the path taken to a destination by sending Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Echo Request messages to the destination with incrementally increasing Time to Live (TTL) field values. The path displayed is the list of near-side router interfaces of the routers in the path between a source host and a destination. The near-side interface is the interface of the router that is closest to the sending host in the path. Used without parameters, tracert displays help.

This diagnostic tool determines the path taken to a destination by sending ICMP Echo Request messages with varying Time to Live (TTL) values to the destination. Each router along the path is required to decrement the TTL in an IP packet by at least 1 before forwarding it. Effectively, the TTL is a maximum link counter. When the TTL on a packet reaches 0, the router is expected to return an ICMP Time Exceeded message to the source computer. Tracert determines the path by sending the first Echo Request message with a TTL of 1 and incrementing the TTL by 1 on each subsequent transmission until the target responds or the maximum number of hops is reached. The maximum number of hops is 30 by default and can be specified using the -h parameter. The path is determined by examining the ICMP Time Exceeded messages returned by intermediate routers and the Echo Reply message returned by the destination. However, some routers do not return Time Exceeded messages for packets with expired TTL values and are invisible to the tracert command. In this case, a row of asterisks (*) is displayed for that hop.

Examples:

To trace the path to the host named corp7.microsoft.com, type:

To trace the path to the host named corp7.microsoft.com and prevent the resolution of each IP address to its name, type:

tracert -d corp7.microsoft.com

To trace the path to the host named corp7.microsoft.com and use the loose source route 10.12.0.1-10.29.3.1-10.1.44.1, type:

tracert -j 10.12.0.1 10.29.3.1 10.1.44.1 corp7.microsoft.com

Ping

Verifies IP-level connectivity to another TCP/IP computer by sending Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Echo Request messages. The receipt of corresponding Echo Reply messages are displayed, along with round-trip times. Ping is the primary TCP/IP command used to troubleshoot connectivity, reachability, and name resolution. Used without parameters, ping displays help.

You can use ping to test both the computer name and the IP address of the computer. If pinging the IP address is successful, but pinging the computer name is not, you might have a name resolution problem. In this case, ensure that the computer name you are specifying can be resolved through the local Hosts file, by using Domain Name System (DNS) queries, or through NetBIOS name resolution techniques.

To test a TCP/IP configuration by using the ping command:

1. To quickly obtain the TCP/IP configuration of a computer, open Command Prompt, and then type ipconfig. From the display of the ipconfig command, ensure that the network adapter for the TCP/IP configuration you are testing is not in a Media disconnected state.

2. At the command prompt, ping the loopback address by typing ping 127.0.0.1

3. Ping the IP address of the computer.

4. Ping the IP address of the default gateway. If the ping command fails, verify that the default gateway IP address is correct and that the gateway (router) is operational.

5. Ping the IP address of a remote host (a host that is on a different subnet). If the ping command fails, verify that the remote host IP address is correct, that the remote host is operational, and that all of the gateways (routers) between this computer and the remote host are operational.

6. Ping the IP address of the DNS server. If the ping command fails, verify that the DNS server IP address is correct, that the DNS server is operational, and that all of the gateways (routers) between this computer and the DNS server are operational.

arp

Displays and modifies entries in the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) cache, which contains one or more tables that are used to store IP addresses and their resolved Ethernet or Token Ring physical addresses. There is a separate table for each Ethernet or Token Ring network adapter installed on your computer.

Examples:

To display the ARP cache tables for all interfaces, type:

To display the ARP cache table for the interface that is assigned the IP address 10.0.0.99, type:

To add a static ARP cache entry that resolves the IP address 10.0.0.80 to the physical address 00-AA-00-4F-2A-9C, type:

arp -s 10.0.0.80 00-AA-00-4F-2A-9C

netstat

Displays active TCP connections, ports on which the computer is listening, Ethernet statistics, the IP routing table, IPv4 statistics (for the IP, ICMP, TCP, and UDP protocols), and IPv6 statistics (for the IPv6, ICMPv6, TCP over IPv6, and UDP over IPv6 protocols). Used without parameters, netstat displays active TCP connections.

Netstat provides statistics for the following:

Proto - The name of the protocol (TCP or UDP).Local Address - The IP address of the local computer and the port number being used. The name of the local computer that corresponds to the IP address and the name of the port is shown unless the -n parameter is specified. If the port is not yet established, the port number is shown as an asterisk ().Foreign Address - The IP address and port number of the remote computer to which the socket is connected. The names that corresponds to the IP address and the port are shown unless the -n parameter is specified. If the port is not yet established, the port number is shown as an asterisk ().

(state) Indicates the state of a TCP connection. The possible states are as follows:

CLOSE_WAITCLOSEDESTABLISHEDFIN_WAIT_1FIN_WAIT_2LAST_ACKLISTENSYN_RECEIVEDSYN_SENDTIMED_WAIT

nbtstat

Displays NetBIOS over TCP/IP (NetBT) protocol statistics, NetBIOS name tables for both the local computer and remote computers, and the NetBIOS name cache. Nbtstat allows a refresh of the NetBIOS name cache and the names registered with Windows Internet Name Service (WINS). Used without parameters, nbtstat displays help.

ipconfig

Displays all current TCP/IP network configuration values and refreshes Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and Domain Name System (DNS) settings. Used without parameters, ipconfig displays the IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway for all adapters.

This command is most useful on computers that are configured to obtain an IP address automatically. This enables users to determine which TCP/IP configuration values have been configured by DHCP, Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA), or an alternate configuration.If the Adapter name contains any spaces, use quotation marks around the adapter name (that is, "Adapter Name").For adapter names, ipconfig supports the use of the asterisk () wildcard character to specify either adapters with names that begin with a specified string or adapters with names that contain a specified string.For example, Local matches all adapters that start with the string Local and Con matches all adapters that contain the string Con.

Examples:

To display the basic TCP/IP configuration for all adapters, type:

To display the full TCP/IP configuration for all adapters, type:

To renew a DHCP-assigned IP address configuration for only the Local Area Connection adapter, type:

ipconfig /renew "Local Area Connection"

To flush the DNS resolver cache when troubleshooting DNS name resolution problems, type:

To display the DHCP class ID for all adapters with names that start with Local, type:

To set the DHCP class ID for the Local Area Connection adapter to TEST, type:

ipconfig /setclassid "Local Area Connection" TEST

winipcfg

This utility allows users or adminstrators to see the current IP address and other useful information about your network configuration.

You can reset one or more IP addresses. The Release or Renew buttons allow you to release or renew one IP address. If you want to release or renew all IP addresses click Release All or Renew All.

When one of these buttons is clicked, a new IP address is obtained from either the DHCP service or from the computer assigning itself an automatic private IP address.

To use the winipcfg utility:

1. Click Start, and then click Run and type winipcfg

2. Click More Info.

3. To see the addresses of the DNS servers the computer is configured to use, click the ellipsis (... ) button to the right of DNS Servers.

4. To see address information for your network adapter(s), select an adapter from the list in Ethernet Adapter Information.

nslookup

Nslookup (Name Server lookup) is a UNIX shell command to query Internet domain name servers.

Definitions

Nameserver: These are the servers that the internet uses to find out more about the domain. Usually they are an ISP's computer.Mailserver: Where email is sent to.Webserver: The domains website.FTPserver: FTP is file transfer protocol, this server is where files may be stored.Hostname: The name of the host as given by the domain.Real Hostname: This is hostname that you get by reverse resolving the IP address, may be different to the given hostname.IP Address: Unique four numbered identifier that is obtained by resolving the hostname.

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How to Reduce Network Latency

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Network latency is a delay or a term for the time that intervened between sending the message to and from the router. Latency in the network may cause some data to be lost, and it even slows the processes. The destination and origin points are the major factors considered when tracing, determining and troubleshooting such latency.

Network latency may include propagation and transmission delays which involve the physical medium's properties and processing delays including passing through network hoops or proxy servers. The latency may be categorized into two types, namely the low latency and the high latency. The low latency is a type of latency that doesn't always happen but when it does, the delay doesn't usually last long while the high latency is considered a long delay which usually affects the operation.

There are different causes of network delays or latency, and some of those are propagation, computer hardware delays, router delays, transmission and many more. Transmission is one of the causes of latency in the network. Transmission involves the channel or method used to send the information. Some of those are the wireless connection, phone connection, cables, fiber optics and a lot more. Another cause of latency in the network is called propagation. It is referred to as the distance between the destination and the origin where the information or data are coming from.

There are many websites and companies that help troubleshoot and fix network latency. These websites may offer different kinds of ways to do troubleshooting such as troubleshooting via live chat, e mail support, and live calls. Customers and administrators who need a company or a reliable provider of network tools may follow several tips. She may use search engines to get a list of popular providers. She may also visit the websites that post reviews and comments about different kinds of services and products, and the satisfied customers usually post their own experiences with the companies that provide network tools for latency.

Customers may also research a bit about the companies that offer the tools. The World Wide Web offers all the important information about companies. Visiting the company's official site is also a brilliant idea as the company's website usually has helpful information such as the company's profile and history, the types of services offered, the prices and rates, and best of all, the great reasons why they should be chosen are all posted.

Visit my site Network Monitoring Software and access my list of free monitoring tools. Make sure you check out my article on how to monitor and avoid network bottlenecks it's a must read if you manage computer networks.

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What Is New in Technology Network Support

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IT support is not a new thing for those companies that require computer networks to reach their bottom line. However, as technology grows and changes the types of support that you find, along with the types of networks created, will also change. So for the 21st century computer network, you need to have applicable 21st century IT support for all of your various parts and pieces.

As a quick for instance, one solution for support has been to utilize cloud technologies. The cloud refers to a completely virtual network where none of the technology is on site except for the computer you're using to access the Internet. This allows you to have completely virtual support, and to have people on the other end of your connection that can diagnose your network issues. This is especially true if you are certain that your connection and all of your access information is both fine, which means that the difficulty is on the dedicated server, and that the host needs to solve the issue on your behalf as per your agreement when you begin using or renting the space on the dedicated server.

When it comes to finding and solving problems in your network though, what you really need are network diagnostics. Fortunately there are a variety of programs that have been designed specifically to find breaks and problems in a computer network. While going to the DOS command prompt and putting in a ping to a given destination is still a functional solution more often than not, there are now security suites that can ping to determine if there is a break and then go through the entire network connection and locate the break. Once you know at what point the data isn't going through, you then have a place to put the band aid on the situation.

Over and beyond these IT solutions, there are also a variety of network security programs and suites that can ensure that you stay connected and stay safe. Of course personal preference will alter, but programs like AVG anti-virus are continually updated to give networks the latest defence capabilities against viruses and unsafe programs. Additionally, while you shouldn't have more than one anti-virus program on a given network at a given time, as this can lead to confusion as to what's helpful and what's harmful in the virtual world, it never hurts to have some of the tools put out for virus elimination on CD so that, when you really need them, you can make sure your computers are clean.

For more information on business IT Support in London and how a computer network support company can assist you with your IT infrastructure, network, website and telecommunications then visit Barton Technology London.

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Simplify computer network security with automated patch management

Securing a network with automated patch management can be tricky, with issues related to viruses and deliberate security breaches being common in this day and age. Across a whole network, it can be tricky to monitor programmes on every device, particularly considering the range of platforms involved. However, as network manager, there is a range of tools that you can use in order to stay on top of security. With a quality software package, you will be able to customise software to your own system as well as improve your diagnostics, meaning you can improve your system security comprehensively, across a range of devices.

Although patches are readily available to fix vulnerabilities on your network, knowing which patches to use can be difficult, particularly across a large network, operating with a variety of platforms. For large companies, integrated software packages can not only help you constantly monitor the vulnerability of the system, but also advises as to the compliance state of the network. Furthermore, this automated system can provide you with an overview of the general performance of the network regarding security breaches and threat assessments. Most patch management devices are compatible with a range of operating systems, meaning that you can work across a range of different devices without compromising security.

With a modern patch software tool, it is possible to classify and segment different programmes within your network. Most patch management software will inform you of the insecure programmes, as well as those that have an out of date patch status. This means that you can monitor the vulnerability of your system, and quickly and easily identify areas of potential problems. In addition, you can scan programmes of different origins in order to be sure of the security of new programmes, as well as those that are downloaded from the Internet.

With automated patch management, you can manage your patch installations as well as monitor overall vulnerabilities within the system. This will help you stay on top of security issues, as well as take preventative rather than reactive action. Choosing and installing the right software patch is only one part of the issue, as well as constantly monitoring vulnerable programmes and running regular scans. Customising your software to your own network will improve functionality and will mean that you can respond better to the ever-increasing threats of hacking, viruses and fraud. This will ensure that your network remains secure, regardless of number of devices or the specific demands of your system.

Fiona Roy writes for a digital marketing agency. This article on automated patch management has been commissioned by a client of said agency. This article is not designed to promote, but should be considered professional content.

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Leading five Ideas for Efficient Set up of the Network

Network installation will be the procedure of guaranteeing transmission among personal computers. A network is exactly where personal computer hardware elements and computers are interconnected by transmission programs that enable the send out and obtain of resources and data by way of a cable. For this to take place, some activities, strategies, procedures, and tools are utilised to connect the administration and maintenance of your network method. The Government keeps track of sources inside the network and how they are designated, which assist to keep the actual network below control. The particular Maintenance with the network functions maintenance along with improvements.

one. Correct Planning

Preparing the particular method regarding Network Installation is actually really crucial and may become performed simply by defining the organization specifications, developing any construction to get in touch computers as well as other gear inside your small business in order to assist your current business enterprise grow. Ensure that you utilize the correct wires while planning the circle. Regarding Gigabit networks utilize the standard Kitty. 5e wires as well as top quality Kitten 6 cabling and also insert for Gigabit on the web connectivity. And also this counts for community switches as well as wireless routers that will simply support 100Mbps pertaining to future upgrading.

2. Cautious Configuration

On the network computers have to have to be able to be able to talk with a single one more. Inside in a position to do this kind of that requires to be set up consequently. This is possible on your local region network (LAN) or the world wide web by simply wide region system (WAN). Connecting your system can be performed using gadgets including Ethernet charge cards, knobs, wireless routers as well as modems.

three. Painstaking Upkeep along with Assistance

If you would like to be able to prevent virtually any system issues ensure that you simply possess right network maintenance in place. This specific action may also save a person lots of dollars along with prevent down-time. Producing the preventive community maintenance answer prevent inconvenience involving technique downfalls, shedding data as well as guarding equipment. For instance whenever a switch desires a patch with an working program picture, or even whenever a brand new change is added into a circle.

4. Safety and Safety

It's a identified reality of how a lot of hazards may arrive via by way of the actual circle for example viruses, Trojan viruses, viruses and so on. These kind of posts could disperse from 1 personal computer for you to one more and may drastically bring about harm for example shedding critical information. It is thus highly critical to make sure safety along with safety on your community through getting a network plan as well like a suggested anti-virus set up. This can ensure a virus no cost circle which in turn lets you identify and also eliminate threats just before any harm occurs.

5. Acquire Expert Advice

To help place the conduite as well as government associated with records within location, effective installation of a network is actually required. Wireless network installation avoids the particular costly course of action of launching cables right into a constructing, or perhaps as a connection in between different equipment places, e-mail installations as well as discussed systems. If unsure, often get expert advice.

Remember, Efficient Installation of the System hugely influence in your company guaranteeing who's increases.

Compudata tries on good rely on thus ensuring price effective signifies of providing globe class dependability and productiveness inside your company. We are committed to some long term mission involving helping our own clients understand their complete prospective and also helping their own business enterprise grow larger.

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Network Support For Complex Programmable Logic Device Problems

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Programmable Logic Device family consists of many members like, Field Programmable Device (FPD), Programmable Array Logic (PAL), Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), etc. Complex Programmable Logic Device (CPLD) is such logic device. It is more complex than PAL and less complex compared to FPGA. It shares architectural features with both of PAL and FPGA. Macrocell array which consists of flip flops, registers and ALU, is the basic building block of CPLD.

Similarities And Differences With PAL
The structure of CPLD is quite similar to PAL except for the fact that CPLD contains multiple PALs on a single chip. All PALs are interconnected to each other through cross point switches. This similarity makes the CPLD application design much easier for the users who are already familiar with PAL architecture. Like PAL, CPLD does not require external configuration ROM. Because of the similarities, PC support for CPLD could also provided by PAL experts.

Similarities And Differences With FPGA
Like FPGA, CPLD features huge number of logic gates to implement complex data processing functions though the number of logic gates in FPGA is much higher. Both of the devices feature complex feedback paths between macro cells and specialized logic functions. The principal difference between CPLD and FPGA architectures is that CPLD performs logic functions using sum of products equation while FPGA uses look up tables to do the same.

CPLD Architecture
CPLDs are basically integrated circuits that can handle larger designs than PAL but lesser designs than FPGA. A typical CPLD comprises several logic blocks. Each logic block contains 8 to 16 macro cells. Since every logic block performs specific operation, all macro cells in a logic block are interconnected. Logic blocks could be connected to each other depending on the applications. Most of the commonly available CPLDs consist of macro cells, which are designed to perform sum of product combinatorial logic functions, and a non mandatory flip flop. The combinatorial logic functions support 4 to 16 product terms with large number of fan ins based on the CPLD design. The design complexities vary from one CPLD to another depending on the number of logic gates and shift registers used. Due to this reason, FPGA could be replaced with a CPLD equipped with a large number of logic gates. The number of product terms, which a macro cell could manage is an important parameter mentioned in CPLPD specification. Product term is the product of the digital signals that execute a particular logic operation. Since CPLD architecture is quite complex, the design and development should be done with help of network support provider.

CPLD Packages
CPLDs are usually marketed in different IC packages. Different packages have different power consumptions, standby currents, operating currents and supply voltages. Apart from these parameters, CPLDs also vary in terms of memory size and memory support. Memory is usually defined in terms of bits and megabits. Read only memory (ROM), Random Access Memory (RAM) and dual port RAM is included in memory support. Apart from these memories, First In First Out (FIFO) memory, Last In First Out (LIFO) memory and Content Addressable Memory (CAM) are also included in memory support. CPLD memory configuration should be done by an experienced PC support provider.

CPLD Performance Measurement
Performance of CPLD is measured by various parameters, such as internal frequency and propagation delay. Internal frequency indicates the speed at which the CPLD performs logic functions and transfers data within the device. Propagation delay is defined by the time interval between triggering the input signal and the corresponding change in the output signal. Measuring CPLD performance needs technical instruments as well as expertise, which are provided by network support providers.

PC Support For CPLD Problems
Programming and debugging CPLD program require lot of experience, which could be provided by a network support provider. The manufacturers of CPLD, like Xilinx, Atmel, Altera and Cypress render strong PC support for CPLD design and development issues. Apart form the manufacturers, many third party vendors render online round the clock network support for CPLD problems.

Daniel Hughes is one of most heralded content writer of PCCareNCure.com. Pccarencure offers 24x7 PC Support to millions of customers.

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Solutions To Programmable Array Logic Problems Through Network Support

Programmable Logic Array (PAL) is one of the earliest field programmable logic devices, launched in the market in 1978 by Monolithic Memories Inc. It comprises a programmable read only memory core and output circuitry,employed to implement particular digital logic functions. PAL devices are field programmable, which means the device could be programmed by the user. However programming a PAL needs expertise. In case the user faces any problem in PAL programming, an experienced PC support provider should be consulted.

Brief History
In the early days, small scale integration components like transistor transistor logic (TTL) were used to build a digital circuit. Among the TTL families, 7400 series was very popular. It consisted of variety of logic gates, multiplexers,demultiplexers,flip flops,etc. After the advent of PAL, SSI devices became obsolete.

PAL Technology
Early versions of PAL were 20 pin dual inline package. Bipolar transistor technology was used to fabricate PAL. Titanium tungsten programming fuses were used in those one time programmable devices. Later on,Advanced Micro Devices employed CMOS technology to manufacture PALs for which it provided extensive network support.

Architecture Of PAL
The programmable elements in a PAL link the true and complemented inputs to the AND gates. These AND gates are also called Product Terms. Product Terms are ORed altogether to constitute a sum of products logic array. The PAL architecture comprises two principal components, namely Programmable Logic Plane and Output Logic Cells.

Programmable Logic Plane
Programmable Logic Plane is nothing but a programmable read only memory which routes the signals at the input pins to the output logic macro cells. PAL devices feature transistor cell arrays which are organized in a fixed OR programmable AND fashion. Sum of products logic equations for each output in terms inputs and feedback from output are implemented by these arrays.

Output Logic Macro Cells
A standard 20 pin PAL features 8 outputs,10 inputs, 1 pin for power and 1 pin for ground. In the active state the signal at the output pins is 0 volt. The output could be either combinational or registered. A standard PAL device features different output structures, known as Output Logic Macro Cells or OLMC. Earlier versions of PAL, such as 16L8 and 16R8 had fixed OLMCs at the time of manufacturing. Later, in 1983, AMD launched 22V8, whose OLMCs could be configured by the user as registered or combinational.

PAL Programming
PAL programs are written using Hardware Description Languages, such as ABEL,CUPL and PALSM. These are computer aided design programs, which convert the PAL logic equations written in a text file to binary files, like JDEC and HEX files. These binary files are programmed into PAL devices using special programming devices. The manufacturers as well as the third party manufacturers render strong PC support for PAL programming issues.

PALASM Language
PALSM language was invented to write boolean logic equations for the configured output pins using the configured input pins. The equations are written in a text file,which is then converted into a binary file using compiler. Monolithic Memories Incorporation (MMI) wrote first compiler for PALASM language in FORTRAN IV on IBM 370/168. MMI supplied the free compiler and network support to the PALASM users.

ABEL Language
Advanced Boolean Expression Language (ABEL) is a hardware description language developed by Data I/O Corporation in 1983 for programming PALs. It employs concurrent equations,truth table logic format and sequential state machine diagram. Data I/O Corporation provides compiler as well as PC support for ABEL language.

CUPL Language
CUPL language was invented by Logical Devices Incorporation. Its earlier versions ran under MS DOS. Now it comes as an integrated development package of windows. CUPL programming issues could be resolved with the network support of Logic Devices Inc.

PC Support For PAL Programming
PAL programing requires experience in handling compiler as well as PAL programming devices which could be made easier with the help of network support providers. PAL manufacturers provide extensive PC support for PAL programming. Apart from that, a lot of third party vendors render strong network support for PAL programming issues.

Daniel Hughes is one of most heralded content writer of PCCareNCure.com. Pccarencure offers 24x7 PC Support to millions of customers.

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Remote Desktop Access Through SSH for Network Administration

This tutorial will guide through the process of setting up a secure remote connection to a network for more convenient maintenance. Linux has many functional tools that allow for remote encrypted GUI administration, all of which is free of cost and can be accomplished by anyone relatively tech-savvy.

In order to accomplish this, root privileges must be enabled on both the desired machine to access and the system being used to access it. However, it is not required to have administrator rights if the system is running Windows, as long as remote desktop is enabled. This tutorial can be used with virtual machines if physical systems are not present, whether that is for practical or simply testing purposes. Lastly, a functional dedicated IP address will be needed for this task.

The first step is to download the applicable tools to accomplish proper remote access. If using a Linux distribution such as Debian or Ubuntu (which is highly recommended for any sort of system administration), use apt-get to acquire all the tools quickly and easily. Type in the following command: # apt-get install xrdp openssh-server

Afterwards, configuration for the SSH server must be applied for it to run properly. In the terminal, type "ssh-keygen" to produce RSA keys for encryption. These keys will be stored in the /home//username/.ssh/ if they ever need to be referenced.

Now, type $ netstat -antp. Port 22 should be listed as SSH server, 3389 should be listed as rdesktop server port, and the third port is for the RDP client, which will be used to connect and view the remote machine. No changes are necessary, but this is done for double-checking before we proceed.

If the machine is running Windows, we must enable Remote Desktop. Go Start - All Programs - Accessories - Remote Desktop Connect. We will use Plink for the SSH tunnel. If Plink is not on the system, go to their main website and download and install the exe. We will also need Netcat, which can also be found at their home page. Download and install, and then we can finally begin our remote connection!

From the Windows client, open up a temporary shell on port 1234 by typing in this command: C:\> nc -lvp 1234 -e cmd.exe. Windows shell is now attentive to port 1234. Now, use Netcat on the Linux host to connect and acquire a shell. Type in this command: $ nc -v 192.168.1.12 1234. Except, use the IP address of the Windows Client instead of the one in the example.

The Windows command prompt for the remote client is now popped up on the Linux system. Run Plink from the Windows shell via the Linux system by typing in: C:\> plink -1 username -pw password -R 3390:127.0.0.1:3389 192.168.1.11

This is referencing the 3390 port we previously encountered, 127.0.01 is the loopback address on the Windows machine, and 192.168.1.11 is the variable IP address that can be changed appropriately. After username, password, and IP address and entering the command, netstat will show that all ports are now "LISTEN"ing when typing in $ netstat -antp.

And there you have it, the Linux machine is now directly connected into the Windows client! Go ahead anc close Netcat and use Remote Desktop with SSH encryption. Be careful however, because if security measures are not taking, this is potentially a high risk action.

Learn more about remote access capabilities through a Linux dedicated server.

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Features Of WiMAX Network Technology

WiMAX network is a wireless communication technology that favors high speed internet service to wider locations. This technology is part of the fourth generation system that surpasses over a wider range of local area network. This implies that one can use this technology to create high speed data from fixed wireless set of connections in an office and increase surfing rates. This gives them an advantage since it is the first means of communication to become commercial in nature to the users.

The set-up has bandwidth that is suitable for providing connectivity across different geographical location across the globe. In addition, the bandwidth provides a significant alternative to cables and digital subscriber line. That is why it provides data and telecommunications through wireless favoring use of cables.

WiMAX provides internet for domestic users at home and mobile services across the globe that enhances communication between individuals. This gives them an advantage over other set of connections that have access through digital subscriber lines only. This based on the fact that clients can use their system without wire lines for internet connections. Moreover, the rates are relatively cheap to favor deployment of broadband internet access to remote locations.

This network is used as an overlay to enhance capacity of internet signals for second and third generation set of connections. These connections have a back haul bandwidth to upgrade wireless strength and capacity in remote areas. That is why it can be used for connections through satellites and micro wave links to improve system capacity of a given region.

The technology supports triple play technologies by offering quality service and multi casting so that it enhances market services. This evident in the mobile virtual set-up operators that WiMAX has employed to provide triple play services to their clients. Thus, it gives clients a sense of satisfaction through available connections that have a recommendable speed.

It also has a subscriber unit device that provides connectivity to their wireless set-up. In addition, they have portable units, personal computer peripherals and embedded devices to provide internet for WI-FI services and hotspots. This evident in the websites that show cases the set of connections and certified devices that can be used to enhance internet connectivity.

This technology also has gateway devices that have indoor and outdoor versions to facilitate internet connectivity. Indoor units involve Huawei, Motorola and Air span gateways that have Ethernet ports to connect to personal computers directly. On the other hand, outdoor gateways involve installation done on residential houses such as satellite dish so that they can increase internet access to all places.

WiMAX networks are readily available since they have been deployed all over the globe to enhance wireless set-up. This shows that it favors everyone in spite of the condition of infrastructure around the region that might not be favorable for the technological connections. Furthermore, the system works on external modems through a dongle that is linked to a notebook and personal computers. This gives them an advantage over other communication means that only favors metropolitan areas and ignores the remote areas.

Finding more information about WiMAX Network are not hard when you know where to look for them. If you are looking for WiMAX Network providers, review the information available here to find out more.

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Resolving Network Operating System Problems Through Remote PC Support

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Modern networking devices are quite complex in nature. It consists of both networking hardware and networking software. Network operating system(NOS in short form) is a system software which is the core component of networking software. It runs on networking devices to control the overall operations of the entire network. Basically it is a comprehensive operating system with complete task, file and job management. Few earlier versions of NOS were not independent software. Those versions of NOS ran under other operating systems. Some examples of early NOS are LAN server which ran under OS/2 and LANtastic ran under DOS. Unix, Linux, Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Microsoft Windows Server 2008, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare are the latest models of NOS. NOS vendors provide extensive network support for NOS problems.

Functions
NOS is designed based on client server architecture in which the server allows numerous clients to share resources. It handles simultaneous requests from multiple clients. Necessary network security is also provided by it in multi-user systems. Each client machine features one file sharing component which communicates with the server to access various resources like applications, data as well as networking devices such as printers, modems and faxes. It allows addition of new clients and deletion and modification of existing clients. Status and functionality of each network element is monitored by it. It keeps data back up and enures data availability to each client machine. Any NOS could be configured for different operations with the help of PC support providers.

Types Of Network Operating System
There are two basic types of NOS, which are Peer To Peer NOS and Client Server NOS. Most of the networking systems use either of these two architectures or a combination of both.

Peer To Peer NOS
In Peer To Peer NOS, all nodes are at equal level. It does not have any centralized file server. Each connected nodes is enabled to share its resources with other nodes and access other nodes' resources. This type of NOS has been developed for small to medium Local Area Networks. Examples of this type of NOS are Appleshare, Lantastic, Windows For Workgroups, etc. The manufacturers of Peer To Peer NOS provide extensive network support to their customers.

Advantages Of Peer To Peer NOS
The plus point of Peer To Peer NOS is that it is very easy to set up. Also very less hardware is required for this of NOS. In fact, no separate server is required.

Drawbacks Of Peer To Peer NOS
The disadvantage is that no centralized server is present. Because of this reason, no common repository is available for files and applications. Also this type of NOS is less secured.

Client Server NOS
Client Server NOS has centralized applications and files on one or more servers. The server plays the central role in providing access to resources and security to networking nodes. Each node's access to the resources is strictly controlled by the server. Examples of Client Server NOS are Novell Netware and Windows Server for which Novell and Microsoft provide excellent PC Support.

Advantages Of Client Server NOS
Access to resources and data security are regulated by a centralized command. Any time, new node could be added and existing node could be disconnected.

Disadvantages Of Client Server NOS
Maintenance cost is more compared to Peer To Peer NOS. If the server crashes, the entire network operation is halted. In that eventuality, the network support from a qualified service provider could set the things right.

PC Support For NOS Problems
Installing a NOS and maintaining it is a Herculean task. Nowadays many network support providers are rendering online PC support to NOS installation and maintenance. In case the NOS users face any problem, they could avail themselves of the network support from an experienced PC support provider.

Daniel Hughes is one of most heralded content writer of PCCareNCure.com. Pccarencure offers 24x7 PC Support to millions of customers.

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The Network Appliances

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They interconnect individuals, support services and offer access to the things that keep the company running. To meet the everyday requirements of a modern company, networks are becoming more and more complex.

Net Requirements

Nowadays, the Internet-based businesses often demand 24 x 7 customer services. This simply means that corporate networks must be available nearly 100 percent of the time. They must be clever enough to automatically safeguard against unanticipated security events. Furthermore, these corporate networks should also be able to adjust to different traffic loads and keep steady application response times. It is no longer useful to build networks by connecting a lot of standalone appliances without careful planning and design.

Constructing a Good Network

Well-designed nets do not happen by chance. They are the effect, the outcome of hard effort by network designers and network specialists, who pinpoint network requirements and choose the best ways to meet the business's needs. Network users usually do not "see" the network complexity. They think of the net as a method to find and use the applications they need.

System Requirements

Most organizations have only a limited amount of requirements for their net. Let's study the most important.

The network should be available all the time, even in the event of hardware failures or overloaded conditions. The network must constantly deliver applications and offer realistic response times from any device to any device. The network must be secure. It must safeguard the data that is transferred over it, in addition to data kept on the equipment that connect to it.

The network must be straight forward to modify to adjust to network growth and overall business changes. Because disasters sometimes occur, troubleshooting must be stress-free. Finding and correcting a problem must be fast and fairly easy to do.

Important Design Goals

When studied wisely, these requirements convert into four major network design aims and goals: Scalability, Availability, Security and Manageability.

To meet those four important design goals, a net should be based on a design that allows for both flexibility and development.

Hierarchical Network Design

A hierarchical design in networking is used to group network appliances into several networks. The networks are structured in a layered approach. The hierarchical design has three elementary layers: The Core Layer that Connects Distribution Layer devices, the Distribution Layer that interconnects the smaller local networks and the Access Layer that provides connectivity for network hosts and end devices.

Manolis Skoras is a Cisco, Microsoft and HP Certified Trainer and systems-network engineer. Recently he created a CCNA exam answers website to help his students and people around the world to better understand the material they will be tested on, thus having greater success rates. Check Certify4Sure today!

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PC Support For Juniper Junos Network Operating System

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Juniper Networks, founded in 1996, is a leading computer networking products manufacturing company today. It main products are switches, routers, firewall, VPN networks, intrusion detection system, etc. Junos is basically a network operating system designed and developed by Juniper Networks for its hardware systems. A Software Development Kit (SDK) is supplied with Junos NOS to the customers to provide additional customization. Using the SDK for Junos customization could be difficult for the beginners, for which the service from a network support provider could be of immensely helpful.

Basic Features

The basic advantages of Junos are- one software, one release and one architecture. That means Junos is an uniform cohesive network operating system that is used across all network routers. This helps develop NOS only once and use the features across all networking products simultaneously. Each new version of Junos is launched at the same time for all network routers. It's each module has separate protected memory space to run, which prevents one module from interfering with another. Each module could be restarted if necessary. All these features result in exceptionally high performance and robust security. To make proper use of all features, an experienced PC support provider should be consulted.

Junos Applications

Software modules for IP routing protocol, chassis management, networking and interface are provided in the Junos package. All pf Juniper's routers of M series, MX series, J series and T series employ Junos. J series routers are suitable for the remote edge distributed networks. M series routers are generally used data center and Multi Label Switching applications. While all of the M series routers feature pleonastic power and cooling, some models like M10i, M20, M120, M160 and M320 sport fully redundant hardware, which comprises switch interface, packet forwarding and routing components. M120 routers have Forwarding Engine Board(FEB) fail-over which acts as a backup in the case of FEB failure. To select a router for one particular application, the advice of a network support provider should be taken.

Architecture Of Routing Process

The two components which handle routing process are Routing Engine and Packet Forwarding Engine. Since control operations like system management and routing updates are separated from packet forwarding, the performance of router is improved considerably.

Routing Engine

Routing updates and system management are handled by Routing Engine. It comprises software modules for routing protocol. All routing protocol, interface, chassis and system processes are managed by Routing Engine. These software modules run on the top of kernel which is interfaced with the Packet Forwarding Engine. All data packets received from the network are transferred to the routing Engine. Since all software functions are divided into separate processes, failure of one process does not affect other software processes adversely. Every routing protocol has complete set of IP features and offers flexibility modifying and filtering routes. Routing protocols are configured as per the routing parameters such as Border Gateway Protocol attributes, prefix and prefix length. The Junos routing tables are developed to hold all routes employed in current and future networks. Because of its scalability, huge numbers of virtual circuits and interfaces are supported by Junos. It features a Command Line Interface (CLI), craft interface and Simple Network Management Protocol which make the system management much simpler and easier. Storage upgrades are made possible by storing microcode, configuration files and system images in one primary and two secondary storage systems. Memory configuration is quite a difficult task which should be done with the help of a PC support provider.

Packet Forwarding Engine

Layer 2 and layer 3 packet switching, route look ups and packet forwarding are performed by Packet Forwarding Engine. It transfers packets between the input and output interfaces. While J series routers feature only one Packet Forwarding Engines, the M series routers have pleonastic Packet Forwarding Engines.

Network Support For Junos

The configuration of Junos is quite complicated task which should be done with help of an experienced PC support provider. Juniper itself provides extensive network support for Junos configuration and troubleshooting. Apart from that many third party vendors render online PC support to fix Junos troubles.

Daniel Hughes is one of most heralded content writer of PCCareNCure.com. Pccarencure offers 24x7 PC Support to millions of customers.

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What Are the Ways to Reduce Your Network Down Time?

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If you consider network as one of the important aspects for your business, then you should never allow network downtime, at any case. You can monitor your network, based on various aspects. You need to recruit a network administrator, for monitoring the functioning of the network. If your company is small, and you feel there is no requirement for a network administrator for your network, then you need to know at least certain information about the basic metrics of the network. Metric refers to the performance of the network. To make sure that you want to reduce the downtime of the network, you should configure some test on the following metrics:

· Round trip time (RTT): RTT is one of the metrics, which provides you information about the time that is taken for a packet to reach the destination, and the vice versa. You need to know about the ideal time taken for a packet, to reach the destination. Businesses like eBay and flipkart must have their RTT monitored for any latency, as these businesses mainly deal with online sales, online transactions, and so on. Depending upon your requirement, you can have some tolerance over RTT.

· Packet Loss: Packet loss is one of the metrics, which provides you information about the total packets lost, from the source to destination. For example, consider that you are sending a file from source A to source B, and if there is packet loss of over 80%, then the file may fail to reach the destination. You should not allow packet loss on your network, and you have to monitor it regularly.

· Jitter: Jitter is one of the metrics, which provides you information about the discrepancies in the network. Jitter is mainly calculated for real time applications, to check the performance of audio and video conferences. There are two types of jitter. They are positive jitter and negative jitter. If a packet takes more time than the ideal time, to reach the destination, then it is the positive jitter. If a packet takes lesser time than the ideal time, to reach the destination, then it is the negative jitter. In a network, you should not allow either positive jitter or negative jitter. If your business deals with audio and video conferencing, then you should maintain the ideal jitter.

· Mean Opinion Score (MOS): MOS is one of the metrics, which provide information about the rate of human voice quality. The rate ranges from 1 to 5, where 1 denotes the poor quality and 5 denotes the 5 quality. MOS is also mainly calculated for real time applications, to check the voice quality in both audio and video conferencing.

After you configure the test, make sure to check with the result of the metrics. There are many applications available in the market, which enable you to monitor your network and get results to check with the discrepancies.

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Network Support For Programmable Logic Controller Problems

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Nowadays Programmable Logic Controllers or PLCs are widely used in a lot of industries. These devices are basically industrial digital computers which are employed to monitor the inputs to the process and control the outputs based on the state of inputs. The primary objective of PLC is to automate machines or industrial processes like machinery control on a factory assembly lines, relay control, motion control, process control, distributed control, etc. There are numerous manufacturers in the market today, such as Alstom, ABB, Hitachi, Motorola, Panasonic, Siemens, Mitshubishi, etc, which not only produce state of the art PLCs but also provide excellent PC support to their products.

Definition
As per the definition by National Electrical Manufacturing Association, a PLC is defined as "A digitally operating electronic apparatus which uses a programmable memory for the internal storage of instructions by implementing specific functions such as logic sequencing, timing, counting, and arithmetic to control, through digital or analog input/output modules, various types of machines or processes".

Brief History
Initially PLC was invented to meet the growing needs of the automotive manufacturing industry. Before advent of PLC, the complex industrial process was controlled by plenty of relays, dedicated closed loop controllers, drum sequencers and cam timers. The task of updating such huge control system was very cumbersome and costly. To overcome these shortcomings, digital computer was employed to regulate the industrial control process. GM Hydramatic, the automatic transmission division of General Motors, was the first company to call for a tender to replace its hard wired relay system in 1968. Bedford Associates won the bid and produced the first PLC in the market. It was named 084, since it was the 84th project of Bedford Associates. Since then thousands of PLCs have been launched in the market. All the manufacturers of PLCs provide extensive network support to their clients.

Development
The objective of the earlier version of PLCs was to replace the relay logic systems. A programming language called Ladder Logic was used to program those devices. Ladder Logic described the function by a graphical drawing of the circuit diagrams of the relay logic hardware. Later, many other traditional programming languages like Basic, C, etc. were developed to program the PLCs. Apart from traditional programming languages, state transition diagram based languages like State Logic is also used widely. Branded programming terminals were used to program the earlier versions of PLCs till the mid 1980s. Nowadays application software on PCs can directly program the PLCs through RS232, RS422, RS485, Ethernet ports. Assistance of a PC support provider could be taken to diagnose any problem in communicating with the PLCs through ports.

Applications
PLC is the main component of any process control system. Multiple PLCs could be connected to the main PC to control complex processes like motion control, distributed control system, networking, process control, sequential relay control, etc. In terms of communication, storage, data handling and processing capabilities, some of the latest PLCs could compete against a la mode PCs. Because of the extensive input/output design, PLCs could be connected to sensors and actuators without much hassle. Through sensors, PLCs could monitor process variables like pressure, temperature, switches position, etc. Magnetic relays, solenoids, pneumatic cylinders, electric motors could be controlled by the PLCs through actuators. For debugging the sensor and actuator problems, extensive network support is provided by the manufacturers of PLCs.

PC Support For PLC Problems
Designing, developing and debugging a complex process control system using PLC is quite an arduous task, which could be made easier with the network support of PLC manufacturers. At present many third party vendors also provide extensive PC support for any type of PLC system problems.

Daniel Hughes is one of most heralded content writer of PCCareNCure.com. Pccarencure offers 24x7 PC Support to millions of customers.

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Increasing Requirement of Network Security

With all the continuous expansion of the internet comes for your need of a rise in network security. Physical the reassurance of an organization happens to be given the most attention which includes lead to an overall decrease in security breaches. However Network Security is not always giving the interest it needs which raises the chance of security violates for the network. To help prevent violations around the network a business should purchase a network home alarm system. It is becoming standard practice for most enterprises and corporations to implement these power tools to protect their data.

There are several network security tools that are available, it all is dependent upon what you need to protect and secure. Some programs are made into the operating systems and are meant to run on that specific OS. There are several things to look for in relation to choosing a security application.

Network security tools are primarily geared at:

? Assessing the network

? Scanning the network for open ports

? Monitoring the network traffic for malicious packets

There are lots of features of these vital tools which make it perfect and suitable to work with to filter and protect your network.

? These programs have to have an easy to use interface

? Port scanning should be fast, reflexive, and flexible.

? Installation over a network must be simple and quick.

Network firewalls can be a common security tool employed in large and small organizations. It is essentially a process that allows to have an access control policy between networks in order that malicious visitors are blocked. Firewalls will only provide protection if visitors flowing through it. The commonest example within the enterprise could be the internal traffic verses external traffic. Traffic flowing on the surface to the inside should go through the firewall for protection. Traffic that flows internally from system to system will not really be protected with the firewall. Another type of security tools can be an Intrusion Detection System (IDS). An IDS will scan the network traffic just like an Antivirus program will do and determine whether it's clean or bad traffic. This program can then drop the traffic and send an alert to a network administrator.

These kind of systems are set up primarily to guard the network that your particular organization is applying. Another type of security tool that is the must have is a packet sniffer. Packet sniffers can analyze a network packet and look at the details of their contents. If there are issues about the network and your high level systems usually are not detecting any issues, then it is time to dig deeper and analyze the information with a packet sniffer. In addition they discover network packet loss or network drops that may be caused by a virus sending a flood of traffic on the network.

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Broadband Management to Maximize Your Existing Network Capacity

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The economic influence of information technology has always been a topic of great deal of discussion. The internet access providers often face numerous economic problems but the answers to a lot of them have been less than stellar till now. The internet is an open, flexible platform that supports almost every communication mode and application including the ones that have not been invented, yet!

Today, a large amount of service providers report that as few as 10% of their subscribers use around 60% of the network resources, which can lead to poor quality or inaccessible service for the remaining percentage of subscribers. Providing poor service is no way to ensure increased penetration, due to which, numerous service providers find themselves trapped in the vicious cycle of refining infrastructure to maximize available bandwidth, just to find themselves in the same position after a year or two with absolutely no scope of improvements in the revenue stream.

Long gone are the days when the maximum users of bandwidth were those passing large attachments through file sharing through e-mails. With different types of service providers starting to dynamically compete in the broadband market, cable operators have limited opportunity left to attract customers, capture their attention, construct a loyal customer base and find innovative ways to increase revenues. Increasing available bandwidth might attract customers; however, it will not improve revenues.

One of the greatest challenges that providers face today is ensuring the quality and availability that the subscriber expects without cutting down on the revenues. The maximum outcome can be achieved through broadband management solution. These solutions help service providers in delivering more personalized services by providing guaranteed QoS levels for each package.

By implementing bandwidth management, the service provider can limit bandwidth with application that allows him to control costs and ensure steady level of service for all subscribers. The solution monitors real time usage and allows service provider to offer tiered services with limited bandwidth quotas so that the subscriber can get speed and quality that he expects and pays for.

If you are a service provider who believes that broadband management solution can increase your network performance and productivity, a list of leading solution providers offering bandwidth management solutions can be easily found on the web using major search engines such as Google, Yahoo and Bing. However, as various solution providers differ greatly in terms of expertise, it is suggested to ensure that you are availing services from a reputed name in the industry.

Broadband management achieved the maximum outcome and maximize your network capacity. By implementing bandwidth management, the service provider can limit bandwidth with application that allows him to control costs and ensure steady level of service for all subscribers.

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Top 5 Tips to Secure a Wireless Network

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Wireless networks are becoming popular today and there are people, especially home users, who are switching from wired connection to wireless connection. For those who are using wireless network, it is possible for any outsider to connect into your network without you realizing it if proper wireless security practice is not applied. As a result, it is important to know how to secure a wireless network.

1. Create a strong router administrator password - If a wireless router does not have a strong password and someone able to crack the password from the outside, the network security can be compromised. By letting the unauthorized outsider to have the authority to access the router administration settings, he can do so many things up to even take control of the entire network. As a result, it is not safe to use a weak password especially the default administrator credentials.

2. Change the SSID name - SSID name is the name of a wireless network. When connecting to any wireless network, the operating system will load the entire list of SSID names which are within the range of the person who connects. It is not advisable to use names such as street address, family name, and car registration number. In other words, any names that the attacker can guess where the SSID name comes from should be avoided. A good SSID name is important as it will make outsiders not able to tell where the wireless networks are from.

3. Enable network encryption - Every piece of data transferred around the network should be encrypted where it can be configured in the router settings. If the network is not encrypted, there is a possibility that someone will attempt a 'Man in the Middle' attack in the network. It is recommended to use Wireless Protect Access encryption or Wireless Protect Access II encryption.

4. Filter MAC address - Every electronic device comes with a unique MAC address. Filtering MAC address can ensure that only the specific device that the owner of a wireless network recognized is allowed to connect into the network.

5. Reduce wireless signal strength - There is no reason for wireless signal strength to be super strong unless the network is deployed in a mansion. Therefore it is advisable not to be so generous by offering free wireless network connection to all the people who do not live in your house. Routers today can come with very powerful signal strength and if the wireless network signal is just for a studio apartment size, he can reduce the strength by changing the mode from 802.11g to 802.11b.

Alan Tay is a Software Engineer who specialized in IT security and programming. He is also the author of IT security Column and writes about computer security tips.

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